A ChatGPT query costs 0.3 watt-hours by one honest measure and 2.9 by another
The gap traces to four stacked assumptions, and Google's own 2025 paper shows the same query's number can swing 2.4x again depending only on what a company chooses to count.
AlphaGo's Nature paper never mentions Lee Sedol
Its one human match is a 5-0 win over Fan Hui, Europe's champion and a professional 2 dan, from a network trained first on 30 million human Go positions.
A safe prompt gets refused because a trained switch fires on a word
Instruction-tuning trained the pattern into the model from examples labeled harmful, not from a theory of harm. That is why Llama-2 refuses a Minecraft weapons question 96% of the time, and GPT-4 almost never does.
The model that drives safety to zero needs a lead nobody has held
Armstrong, Bostrom, and Shulman's 2016 model finds that giving competing developers full information about each other's progress makes the outcome less safe, not more, and every capability gap tracked since 2023 has closed in months, not never.
Microsoft's Tay chatbot learned racism from Twitter users in about 16 hours
Microsoft blamed a coordinated attack on a vulnerability it never named, and Tay had no way to tell an instruction from a stranger's tweet.